1919 Investment Counsel Team

Harry entered the Financial Services Industry in 1985 and has held senior positions at JP Morgan, US Trust Company and Tiedemann Trust Company.  He has also served as President of O’Mealia Outdoor Advertising Company, a family business, as President of Black River Media, a publishing venture and as an Associate in the corporate department of Lowenstein Sandler LLP.

Over the past number of years, Harry has participated in panels or has been a source for articles on Mergers and Acquisitions in the RIA space, the Distinction between the Investment Profession and the Investment Business, Tension Between Growth and Profitability, Family Businesses and Comparison of Wealth Management Business Models.  Harry is a Board member of the New Jersey Community Foundation and Chairs its Finance, Audit and Investment Committees.  He is a member of the Bars of the State of New Jersey and the U.S. Supreme Court.  He is also a past Board member of the Baltimore Urban Debate League, The Maryland Science Center, NJN, New Jersey’s public television and radio network, the New Jersey Trust for Public Land, the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra and Morristown Memorial Hospital.  Harry received his B.A. from the University of Pennsylvania in English and History, his J.D. from Boston College Law School and his M.B.A. in Finance from Columbia University.

Ron is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel and Head of the Cincinnati Office. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Ron works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. In addition, Ron serves as the Director of Responsible Investing and manages the 1919 Socially Responsive Balanced mutual fund. He is also a member of the firm’s Executive Committee.

Outside of the office, Ron is active in many civic and community organizations and serves on the boards of The Taft Museum of Art, The Cincinnati Opera, Playhouse in the Park, and ArtWorks.

Ron entered the Financial Services Industry in 1984 and joined Scudder, Stevens, and Clark (a predecessor firm) in 1997. Prior to joining the firm, he was the Director of Portfolio Management within the Trust Company of a major bank.

In his spare time, Ron enjoys traveling, creating and collecting art and real estate, and spending time with his grandchildren.

Ron is a graduate of Hope College, where he majored in Economics and Political Science.

Paul is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel and Head of the New York office. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Paul works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. In addition, Paul manages the Quality Growth Equity Strategy, and he serves as a member of the Executive Committee, Operating Committee, and Asset Allocation Committee.

Outside of the office, Paul serves on the board of the Isaac H. Tuttle Fund where he is the head of the Investment Committee. He is also the Treasurer of the Bay Head Preservation Alliance, and a member of the New York Society of Securities Analysts. In addition, he is a member of the Bay Head Environmental Commission and the Economic Club of New York.

Paul entered the Financial Services Industry in 1981. He joined Scudder Stevens & Clark (a predecessor firm) in 1983, and he helped lead the sale of the Scudder Private Investment Counsel Group from Deutsche Bank to Legg Mason in 2005. Prior to Scudder, Paul worked for Brown Brothers Harriman.

In his spare time, Paul enjoys theater, skiing, boating, golf, and tennis.

Paul graduated from Middlebury College with a B.A. in Economics, and he is a CFA charterholder.

Charlie is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC, the Chief Investment Officer and the Director of the Philadelphia office. He has more than 30 years of experience in investment management working with individuals, families, foundations, endowments and institutional clients with complex financial needs. Charlie is a member of the firm’s Executive Committee responsible for developing and leading the firm’s strategic vision.

As a Portfolio Manager, his primary responsibility is overseeing portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring of portfolios for individuals, families, foundations, endowments and institutional clients. In addition, he is responsible for developing the firm’s investment strategy and process. Charlie is chairman of the Asset Allocation Committee and is a member of the Equity Strategy Group.

He joined Scudder Private Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 1998. Before that he was a Senior Portfolio Manager with CoreStates Family Wealth Group. He entered the investment profession in 1984.

Charlie is active in several non-profit organizations and currently serves on the Finance Council of St. Paul’s Parish in Princeton.

He earned an M.B.A. from Villanova University, a B.A. in Biology and Philosophy from Wittenberg University and is a CFA charterholder. He is a member of Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Institute and the CFA Society Philadelphia. In his free time, he enjoys family activities and travel with his wife Michelle and their five daughters.

Meredith (“Merrie”) is a Managing Director and Portfolio Manager at 1919 Investment Counsel and the Director of the firm’s Baltimore, MD office. She has more than 30 years of experience in financial services, working with individuals, families, foundations, endowments and institutional clients with complex financial needs. Her primary responsibility is managing investment portfolio construction and monitoring her clients’ investments. Merrie is a member of the firm’s Executive Committee responsible for developing and leading the firm’s strategic vision. In addition, she Chairs the Global Equity Committee and serves on the Asset Allocation Committee. Prior to joining Legg Mason Trust (a predecessor of 1919 Investment Counsel), she was a Vice President and Portfolio Manager at Mercantile-Safe Deposit & Trust Company, now PNC. Merrie entered the financial services industry in 1986.

Merrie is on the National Aquarium Board of Directors, serves as the Board Chair of the National Aquarium Foundation and is a member of the Board of Trustees for Stevenson University where she chairs the investment committee.

Merrie received her B.S. degrees from Springfield College and Villa Julie College (now Stevenson University) and her M.B.A. from Johns Hopkins University - Carey Business School. She is a member of the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) Institute and the Baltimore Security Analysts Society.  In her free time she enjoys travel, art and music festivals, and gardening.

Peggy is Chief Financial Officer & Director of Human Resources at 1919 Investment Counsel. She is responsible for managing the firm’s accounting and budgeting activities and financial and regulatory reporting, as well as overseeing the firm's human resources programs. Additionally, she serves as the primary liaison with Stifel Financial Corp.’s Finance and Human Resources Departments.

Peggy entered the Financial Services Industry when she joined Legg Mason, Inc. in 1989. From 2001 to 2004, Peggy was a Director of Institutional Asset Management, performing financial management and other duties for senior management of Institutional Asset Management. From 1999 to 2001, she served as Manager of Compensation in the Finance department, overseeing the administration of the firm’s compensation plans. From 1998 to 1999, she was Controller of Legg Mason Realty Capital, Inc. where she was responsible for the administration and financial reporting for real estate limited partnerships. Prior to joining Legg Mason, she was an auditor for Coopers & Lybrand in Baltimore.

Peggy holds a B.S. degree from Loyola University in Maryland and is a certified public accountant.

Brian is the Chief Administrative Officer and a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. He oversees the implementation of all facets of the firm’s strategic plan. Prior to this, Brian served as the firm’s Director of Investment Systems and Operations. In that role, he had oversight of the day-to-day investment operations, maintenance of client accounts as well as 1919 Investments Counsel’s technology infrastructure. He served in that role since joining the firm in 2008.

Previously, he was Vice President with Legg Mason, Inc. where he oversaw investment systems for Legg Mason Capital Management. Prior to this, Brian served on a number of portfolio management, portfolio accounting and trading system implementations for a variety of Legg Mason affiliates. Before joining Legg Mason, Brian worked at Olsen Research Associates where he implemented asset/liability management software for regional banks and credit unions.

Brian holds a B.S. degree in Finance and Information Systems from Elizabethtown College.

Reshma is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. As the Chief Compliance Officer, she implements the firm's compliance program and is a member of its Operating Committee. She is also a member of Stifel’s Compliance Executive Committee.

Outside of the office, Reshma is a member of the Hillwood Estate, Museum & Gardens Board of Advisors, Buckley Country Day School Board of Trustees, and a therapeutic riding instructor for Gallop NYC.

Prior to joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Reshma held senior compliance roles at PIMCO and Barclays and compliance roles at The Carlyle Group. Her career has focused on the Investment Adviser's Act and broker-dealer regulatory matters, in particular anti-money laundering and anti-corruption. She also has experience in implementing micro-finance programs in areas affected by civil wars and conflicts, such as Rwanda, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Kosovo.

In her spare time, Reshma enjoys running marathons, yoga, horseback riding, and spending time with her husband and son.

Reshma earned a B.A. from American University.

Faith is a Principal at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role as Director of Finance, Faith is responsible for managing the firm’s accounting and budgeting, as well as financial and regulatory reporting.

Additionally, she serves as the primary liaison with Stifel’s Finance department. Faith is also a member of the Operating Committee.

Before joining 1919, Faith was a Senior Finance Manager in Financial Planning & Analysis at T. Rowe Price. Prior to joining T. Rowe, she worked as an Accountant at CB Richard Ellis. Faith began her career as a Consultant at Ryan Tax Firm in Dallas, TX.

Outside of the office, Faith enjoys running, hiking and spending time with her husband and two daughters.

Faith earned her MBA from Angelo State University and is a Certified Public Accountant.

Scott is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC and the Head of Fixed Income. As a Portfolio Manager, his primary responsibility is overseeing portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring of portfolios for individuals, families, foundations, endowments and institutional clients. In addition, Scott manages the 1919 Maryland Tax-Free Income Fund.

Scott entered the Financial Services Industry in 1992. Prior to joining the firm in 1994, Scott spent two years at T. Rowe Price Associates.

Scott received his B.A. from Washington & Lee University and is a CFA charterholder. He is a member of the CFA Institute, CFA Society of Baltimore and the Municipal Bond Club of Baltimore.

Andrew is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel and Head of the San Francisco Office. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Andrew works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. Andrew is also a member of the firm’s Operating Committee.

Before joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Andrew was Founder and Managing Director of Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to this, Andrew was a First Vice President at Howe Barnes Hoefer & Arnett, Inc. He also served as a Director of Deutsche Bank’s Private Wealth Management division, formerly Scudder Private Investment Counsel. Earlier in his career, Andrew managed the San Francisco office of Bainco International Investors, providing clients with investment management and financial planning services. Andrew began his career as a Certified Public Accountant and founded Silver Pen Publishing, a niche publishing company in Seattle, WA.

In his spare time, Andrew spends his time with his family, traveling, cooking, and exploring San Francisco's many great restaurants.

Andrew received both his B.A. and his M.B.A. from the University of Washington. He is a CFA and CFP Charterholder and is an active member of the CFA Society of San Francisco and the Financial Planning Association of San Francisco.

Hanson is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel and Head of the Birmingham Office. In his role as a Sr. Client Advisor, Hanson works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on understanding each client’s unique goals in order develop and implement tailored solutions to meet their long term wealth and investment objectives. Hanson is also a member of the Operating Committee and Investment Policy Committee, as well as the Chair of the Marketing Steering Committee.

Outside of the office, Hanson is a Trustee and Chair of Development of The Jefferson Trust at the University of Virginia, a member of the Board of Governors of Indian Springs School in Birmingham, and the former Chairman of the Board of the Birmingham Botanical Gardens. He is also a Director of CommerceOne Bank in Birmingham and a member of the Rotary Club of Birmingham.

Before joining the firm in 2006, Hanson began his career in 1994 as an investment banker in public finance in New York. He returned to Birmingham in 2000, joining a boutique firm focused on investment management, municipal and corporate financial advisory work. Hanson joined Sterne Agee in 2006, initially managing its Public Finance Group, later forming its Family Office Group in 2011 as an addition to the firm’s existing wealth management platform. Hanson was President of The Trust Company of Sterne Agee, Inc. prior to its acquisition by Stifel Trust Company in 2015.

In his spare time, Hanson enjoys spending time with his family, travelling working in the yard, watching British crime series’, and playing with his dogs.

Hanson received a B.S. in Finance & Marketing from University of Virginia, as well as an M.B.A. from Duke University.

Phil is the Head of Trading and a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. He oversees all aspects of trade execution and settlement and works closely with our Compliance team on all related reporting and record-keeping related to trading. Prior to his current responsibilities as Head of Trading, Phil spent one year as a Portfolio Administrator and seven years as a Municipal Bond Trader for the firm's fixed income portfolios. Additionally, Phil spent three years in Legg Mason's Operations group as a supervisor of the Dividend Department.  Phil is a member of the Investment Policy, Fixed Income, Vendor Management, and Liquidity Risk Management Committees. Phil earned a B.A. in Finance from the University of Baltimore and his M.S. in Finance from Loyola College.

Chip joined 1919 Investment Counsel in 2005 and is a Principal, Senior Equity Trader. His expertise includes trading equities, options, ETF’s and preferred securities. He also specializes in technical analysis which is the study of market action through the use of charts to forecast future price trends.

Chip started in the financial services industry in 1988. Prior to joining 1919IC, he was at Mercantile-Safe Deposit and Trust Company for 11 years trading equity and equity-related securities and municipal bond securities.

Chip earned his B.A. from Washington College. Chip is a Chartered Market Technician (CMT), administered by the Market Technicians Association. He has been active in the Mid-Atlantic Security Traders Association since 1995, serving as President in 2004.

Shaya is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. His primary responsibility is as an Equity Research Analyst covering the following industries: energy and materials. In addition, he supports portfolio managers as they construct and manage client portfolios. Shaya participates in investment and equity strategy committee meetings.

Shaya entered the Financial Services Industry in 2003. He joined Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 2006. Previously he was a CPA in public practice and an associate analyst in the equity research department at T. Rowe Price.

Shaya volunteers with several local community organizations and serves as a board member of BJSZ, a congregation in Northwest Baltimore serving over 300 local families.

Shaya holds an M.B.A. in Finance from Johns Hopkins University as well as a Bachelors and Masters in Talmudic Law from Ner Israel. He is a state of Maryland Certified Public Accountant (inactive).

Alison is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC and the Head of Responsible Investing Research. As a Responsible Investing Research Analyst, she specializes in Corporate Responsibility and ESG research. Alison is a member of the 1919ic Proxy Committee.

Alison joined the Socially Responsive Investing team at Scudder, Stevens and Clark (a predecessor firm) in 1996. Previous to joining the firm she was on the staff of a multi-disciplinary university-based group pursuing development of an undergraduate business school curriculum that embraced sustainability.

Alison serves on the Governing Board of the Interfaith Center on Corporate Responsibility. Alison regularly represents the firm at meetings of socially responsible investing-related organizations.

Alison is a graduate of the University of Arizona and the graduate studies program in Economics at Miami University of Ohio.

Elana is a Vice President at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her Client Advisor role, she works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments delivering comprehensive investment counsel. Her primary focus is on understanding each client’s unique goals and developing and implementing tailored solutions to meet their long-term wealth and investment objectives. Elana is a member of the Women and Wealth Advisory Team and draws on over 20 years of experience in the securities industry.

Before joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Elana was a Relationship Manager with Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to joining Rand & Associates, she spent four years at Howe Barnes, Hoefer & Arnett, and Raymond James where she was responsible for daily account maintenance and client support. Elana began her career at Pekin, Singer, and Strauss Asset Management in Chicago, where she managed the trading desk and assisted the Operations department.

In her spare time, Elana plays a Greek folk instrument, the lyra with sympathetic strings, which takes her on study trips to Crete on a regular basis. Her band, Teslim, has recorded an album and performs around the Bay Area.

Elana received her B.S. in Finance from DePaul University in Chicago and is a CFP® professional.

Troy is a Senior Portfolio Associate at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role, Troy works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. His primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors to enhance the client experience, with a focus on portfolio review, account administration, and wealth planning.

Prior to joining the firm, Troy worked as a Paraplanner at O’Donnell Financial Group, where he assisted in the creation & presentation of financial plans to clients.

In his spare time, Troy enjoys playing lacrosse, watching the Warriors and camping around the many lakes of Northern California.

Troy earned a B.A. in finance from Sonoma State University.

Warwick M. Carter, Jr. is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel based in New York. As a Senior Wealth Advisor, his primary focus is generational wealth planning for high net worth individuals and families. He also advises on philanthropic planning. When giving advice, Warwick takes a comprehensive approach to assessing all aspects of a client’s tax, financial and family situation. Warwick works closely with Portfolio Managers and Client Advisors in all of our offices to integrate wealth strategies with a client’s investments. He regularly meets with outside advisors to devise appropriate solutions that will help grow wealth in a tax-aware way over the long term.

Outside of the office, Warwick has considerable experience in philanthropic planning as well as managing foundations. He has advised some of the largest foundations in the country. Warwick served on the Board of Trustees of the HealthCare Chaplaincy Network in New York and was a member of the Board of Visitors of the Columbus School of Law at The Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C. Additionally, Warwick is a member of the New York State Bar Association and the Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP).

Warwick joined 1919 Investment Counsel in 2019. Prior to joining 1919, he served as a Senior Trust Officer for J.P. Morgan Private Bank in New York and Washington, D.C. He was subsequently National Head of Trusts and Estates at Fiduciary Trust Company International for nearly six years. He also launched a private consulting practice advising RIAs on trusts and estates matters. Earlier in his career, he practiced law in New York.

Warwick is a graduate of Denison University and the Columbus School of Law at The Catholic University of America. He also holds a master’s in taxation from Georgetown University.

Michelle is a Senior Investment Associate at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role, Michelle works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. Her primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors in the development and management of investment portfolios, with a focus on portfolio review, investment analysis, account administration, and wealth planning. 

Michelle entered the Financial Service Industry in 2003. Prior to joining the firm in 2010, Michelle held various positions servicing high-net-worth clients as a Performance Analyst at JPMorgan, as an Associate Portfolio Manager at AllianceBernstein, and most recently, as an Equity Research Associate at First Republic Investment Management.

In her spare time, Michelle enjoys swimming, reading, hiking, baking, and spending time with family and friends.

Michelle earned a B.S. in Business Administration from Binghamton University with a dual concentration in Finance and Management Information Systems.

Michael is a Senior Advisor of 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. He entered the financial services industry in 1978 and joined Scudder, Stevens & Clark (a predecessor firm) in 1995. Previous to that, Michael was the Managing Director of a mutual fund and Chief Economist for an investment advisory firm (Del-Vest Inc.). At 1919 Investment Counsel, he is a member of the firm’s Asset Allocation, Global Equity, Marketing and Institutional Portfolio committees, and authors the “Weekly Market Insights” report. Michael is a member of the International Roundtable of The Center for Strategic and International Studies, past chairman of the “International Round Table” in Washington, D.C. and past President of the World Affairs Council of Delaware. He is a member of the Investment Committee of the Board of the Falcon Foundation of the United States Air Force Academy. Michael recently consulted with the Defense Department in the area of Energy. He is a member of the National Economics Club and The American Economics Association.

Michael was recently named to the Macroeconomic Risks Advisory Committee of the Principles for Responsible Investment (PRI). Launched in 2006, with the backing of the United Nations, the PRI is the world’s leading proponent of responsible investment, with more than 1,800 signatories, from over 50 countries, representing approximately $70 trillion in assets. As an organization, the PRI works to understand the investment implications of environmental, social and governance (ESG) factors and to support its international network of investor signatories in incorporating these factors into their investment and ownership decisions. The Macro Economic Risks Advisory Committee, of which he is now a member, seeks to explore long-term macroeconomic risks (such as slow growth, low interest rates, and emerging societal and technological trends), and how investors respond to these risks to ensure the stability and sustainability of the global financial system. The geographically diverse committee has representatives from a select group of PRI signatories. 1919 Investment Counsel is a signatory.

Michael is the founder of the “Global Dinner Forum” a small quarterly meeting designed to encourage serious exchange of ideas between government, academic, business and military leaders. He completed his undergraduate work at Defiance College with a degree in Political Science and did his graduate studies in history at William and Mary and economics at The University of Delaware.

Paul is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Paul works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to develop fixed income solutions that are tailored to their specific objectives. His primary focus is on building highly customized portfolios for unique situations. Paul is also a member of the Fixed Income Committee.

Paul entered the financial services industry in 2004. Before joining 1919, Paul was a Director of Fixed Income Strategies and Senior Portfolio Manager at Washington Crossing Advisors and Ziegler Capital Management. He has also held portfolio management and investment roles at
Thomas Weisel Partners and Sit Investment Associates.

Outside of the office, Paul enjoys playing guitar, mountain biking, and skiing whenever possible. He currently lives in Marin County, CA, with his wife, Lauren, and their two young daughters.

Paul received his B.S. in Business Administration and Finance from the University of Colorado at Boulder and is a CFA charterholder and a member of the CFA Society of San Francisco and the CFA Institute.

Sandy is a Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role, Sandy works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. Her primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors to enhance the client experience, with a focus on portfolio review, account administration, and wealth planning.

Prior to joining the firm, Sandy held various positions in client service, marketing, and account management.

In her spare time, Sandy spends time with her family, friends, and pets. She enjoys traveling, spending time outdoors, reading, gardening, and making crafts. Additionally, Sandy volunteers at her kids’ school and organizations such as Habitat for Humanity.

Sandy earned a B.A. in English from the University of Florida with additional courses in Business.

Jeanne is a Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. Her primary responsibility is to provide professional service to high-net-worth and institutional clients managed by the Birmingham team. In addition, Jeanne’s role encompasses high touch client relationship services, investment support, portfolio maintenance and review, and collaborative engagement with our clients’ professional service providers. Jeanne has a concentrated focus on sub-accounting for charitable organizations, special needs trusts and helps bring clarity to unique situations.

Jeanne has over 22 years of experience in personal trust, foundation administration and high-level client service with a strong background in financial administration. Jeanne works closely with clients and with the day-to-day aspects of client relationships and account management. In her spare time, Jeanne enjoys working on remodeling projects with her husband and spending time with her 6 grandchildren.

Email address:  jcollins@1919ic.com

Christopher is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. His primary responsibility is as an Equity Research Analyst covering the Healthcare Sector. Christopher has over 20 years of experience as a Research Analyst with 18 of those years following the Healthcare Sector. Prior to joining the firm, Christopher was a Partner at Philadelphia International Advisors from 2002-2015 where he was The Director of Research and a Research Analyst. Prior to Philadelphia International Advisors, he was a Vice President with The Glenmede Trust Company, following both the Healthcare and Consumer Staples Sectors. Christopher has also held positions at Mercantile Bank & Trust and M&T Bank

Christopher is a CFA charterholder and received an M.B.A. with a concentration in Finance from Loyola University. He also earned a B.S. in Business Administration with a concentration in Finance, minors in Economics and Psychology, from Towson University/College of Charleston.

Bill is a Vice President at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. His primary responsibility is a Family Office Client Advisor overseeing the management of the Family Office Services Group.

Prior to joining Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in September, 2013, he worked for S.W. Childs Management Corp. since 1971. Bill became President in 1980.  The firm was a family office that provided financial and personal services to High Net Worth clients.

Bill earned a B.A. in Economics from Lafayette College.

Aimee is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. As a Portfolio Manager, her primary responsibility is to oversee portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring for a number of private and institutional clients. She is also responsible for corporate credit analysis in the taxable fixed income market for the institutional separate account portfolios and is the co-manager of the 1919 Socially Responsive Balanced Fund mutual fund. Aimee is a member of the Fixed Income Committee, Global Total Return Committee and the Socially Responsive Investing Working Group.

Aimee entered the Financial Services Industry in 1989. Prior to joining the firm in 2003, Aimee applied her knowledge and skills at Lazard Asset Management in New York, Moody’s Investors Service and Prudential Financial.

Aimee graduated from the University of Maryland with a B.A. in Economics, and obtained her M.B.A. from Loyola University Maryland. She is a member of the CFA Institute and the Baltimore Society of Securities Analysts.

Jennifer is a Principal at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role as a Sr. Client Advisor, Jennifer works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. Her primary focus is on understanding each client’s unique goals in order develop and implement tailored solutions to meet their long term wealth and investment objectives. Jennifer is also a member of the Women & Wealth Leader Team, the Responsible Investing Committee, and the Financial Planning Team, and she regularly represents the firm at events and conferences focused on female investors and building wealth with purpose.

Outside of the office, Jennifer has volunteered with various organizations, both locally and globally, that are focused on low income and homeless women and children. She is also serving her third term on the Board of the YWCA, where she is the Vice President of Development.

Jennifer entered the financial services industry in 1994 working in wealth management and private banking at a regional bank. In 2009, she returned to her career at Sterne Agee Trust, working with high-net-worth clients. Jennifer later joined Sterne Agee’s Family Office Group, which was an addition to the firm’s existing wealth management platform, before joining 1919 in 2015.

In her spare time, Jennifer enjoys gathering with family and friends on the Sewanee Mountain with her husband and three daughters. She loves travelling, hiking, reading, photography, and sunsets.

Jennifer received a B.A. in English from The University of the South.

Jeff joined 1919 Investment Counsel in 2007. He specializes in trading Equities, Options, ETF’s. Prior to his current responsibilities, Jeff was responsible for settling all trades executed by the trading desk. Previously he was an Operations Analyst at Morgan Stanley for nearly two years. Jeff earned a BA in Economics from the University of Pennsylvania. Jeff is a Chartered Market Technician (CMT), administered by the Market Technicians Association. He is a member of the Mid-Atlantic Security Traders Association.

Robert is a Principal at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. His primary responsibility is as the Municipal Credit Analyst for the firm’s separately managed municipal fixed income portfolios as well as the municipal credit research on the 1919 Maryland Tax-Free Income Fund. He also provides analysis and expertise through special research projects related to the Municipal Finance Industry and is a member of the Fixed Income Committee.

Robert entered the Financial Services Industry in 1998. He began his career as an analyst for local government bonds at Moody’s Investors Service and later was an assistant Vice President at Dexia Credit Local’s New York branch in their public finance division. Prior to joining the firm, he was a Vice President at Citigroup in their Global Credit Center – Municipals group.

Robert serves as President on the Board of Governors for the Anneslie Community Association and also serves as Treasurer for Maryland Swimming, the governing body for USA Swimming in the state of Maryland.

Robert earned his B.A. from Albion College (Michigan) and M.S. from the New School University’s Milano School of International Affairs, Management and Urban Policy located in New York.

Amanda Flavin is a Senior Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel and specializes in providing professional service to high net worth and institutional clients managed by the Birmingham team. Amanda's role includes high touch client relationship services, portfolio maintenance and review and serving as a liaison between clients and their custodians, attorneys, accountants and other advisors. Prior to joining 1919, Amanda worked in Compliance at Sterne, Agee & Leach, Inc. and practiced law.

Amanda is a graduate of Louisiana State University and Southern University Law Center. Amanda is married and has three daughters.

She enjoys spending time coaching her daughters' soccer teams, teaching Sunday school, volunteering as a room mom and serving on the Board of the Homewood Library Foundation.

Leah is a Vice President, Responsible Investing Analyst in the firm’s Cincinnati office. She has been a member of the firm’s Responsible Investment team since she entered the financial services industry in 2015. Leah evaluates companies in the Healthcare, Financial Services, and Real Estate sectors, and analyzes relevant social, environmental, and responsible finance topics. Leah provides comments on company reviews, contributes to the firm’s Responsible Investment published materials, and regularly participates in events and meetings related to corporate engagement and other responsible investing industry topics. Leah is a member of the RI Committee and of 1919 Women & Wealth.

Leah earned her H.B.A. in Philosophy, Politics, and the Public at Xavier University, and her M.B.A from Mt. St. Joseph University. She enjoys volunteering with elementary students for financial literacy, traveling, and reading.

Gary is a Portfolio Manager with 1919 Investment Counsel and works directly with clients to create and implement strategic and financial planning solutions. He brings more than 25 years of experience in the financial services industry to his role.

Before joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Gary was a Portfolio Manager with Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to joining Rand & Associates, Gary was a Portfolio Manager at Bingham, Osborn & Scarborough based in San Francisco. Prior to that, most of Gary’s career was with Fidelity Investments, including 10 years based out of Fidelity’s Palo Alto office, where he served as a retirement income specialist and senior account executive to 400 clients with more than $1.5 billion in assets.

Gary attended the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology. He holds the professional designation of Certified Financial Planner™ (CFP®).

On most evenings you can find Gary listening to music at home.

Alex is a Senior Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role, Alex works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service.  His primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors to enhance the experience, with a focus on portfolio review, account administration and wealth planning.  Additionally, Alex conducts equity research and valuation analysis to assist with managing the firm's Impact strategy.

Outside of the office, Alex is a civic leader as Howard University’s Regional Alumni Chair.

Prior to joining the firm, Alex was a Private Bank Client Service Associate at J.P. Morgan, where he served as support to ultra-high-net-worth clients, expertly managing capital calls, foreign wires/currency, establishing grantor-retained annuity trusts, and navigating liquidity events.

In his spare time, Alex enjoys exercising and spending time with friends and family.

Alex graduated from Howard University with a B.B.A. in Finance.  He obtained the Certified Financial Planner^TM designation in 2016 and his M.B.A. degree from New York University-Stern.

Matt is a Fixed Income Trader at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC, where his primary responsibilities include trading fixed income securities for the firm's mutual funds, institutional, and separately managed accounts.  He entered the financial services industry in 1998.  Prior to joining the firm, he worked in the Retail & Retirement Client Services Group at Legg Mason.  He joined the firm in 2001 as a Portfolio Administrator for fixed income portfolios and began trading in 2005.  Matt graduated from Towson University with a B.S. in Finance and obtained his M.B.A with a concentration in Finance from Loyola University in Maryland.  In addition, he is a member of the Municipal Bond Club of Baltimore.

Ann is a Senior Advisor at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC in the Birmingham office. Ann’s primary responsibility is the continuing development and oversight of the client service delivery platform as well as ongoing relationship management for investment and family office clients.

Ann entered the Financial Services industry in banking in 1980 upon graduating from the University of Alabama with a B.S. in Accounting. She joined the investment management field in 1986 upon completion of her Masters in Business Administration from Harvard Business School. Ann joined 1919 Investment Counsel in 2015 and Sterne Agee Trust in 2011. Prior to joining Sterne Agee, Ann served in investment advisory and planning roles with an independent Registered Investment Advisor, a single family office as well as a multi family office.

Raleigh is a Senior Investment Associate at 1919 Investment Counsel, where his primary responsibility is to work with portfolio managers on portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring of portfolios. In addition, he is a member of the firm’s Third Party Committee where he assists in the screening of passively managed funds.

Raleigh is a graduate of Florida State University where he earned a B.S. and M.S. in Finance. Raleigh completed Level I of the CFA Program in 2021.

Lu Han is a Principal and Senior Client Advisor at 1919 Investment Counsel.  Her primary focus is financial planning for individuals and families.  Lu takes a comprehensive approach to assessing all aspects of a client’s financial situation, including retirement planning, goal funding, cash flow analysis, insurance reviews, college savings, and estate planning.  She partners with Portfolio Managers to identify and integrate meaningful solutions with investment management, and to interface with clients on a regular basis to provide ongoing financial planning services as a part of the firm’s wealth management services.

Lu joined the firm from UBS Financial Services Inc., where she was a Financial Planning Specialist working with financial advisors to deliver planning and advice to clients.  Lu is a Certified Financial Planner®, a CFA Charterholder, and holds a B.A. in English and Psychology from Barnard College.  She enjoys rock climbing, hiking, running, and traveling.

John is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. His primary responsibility is as an Equity Research Analyst covering the financial services and real estate sectors, and he also serves as a Portfolio Manager overseeing the 1919 Financial Services Fund.

John has over 26 years of experience in financial services and real estate. He began his career as a commercial credit analyst and construction real estate lender at PNC.  Following graduate school, John joined Salomon Smith Barney (now Citigroup) as a sell-side analyst covering regional banks, specialty finance and industrials. He moved over the buy-side in 2003 and continued to focus on financial services at Schroder Investment Management and most recently Voya (formerly ING) Investment Management. John has deep knowledge in the small and mid-cap segment of financial services.

John earned his B.A. in Philosophy & Art History from Colgate University, and his M.B.A. in Finance from New York University.  Currently, John serves as a member on FASB’s Investor Advisory Committee (“IAC”), where he shares his views on new projects and emerging trends, as well as his thoughts on recently enacted accounting standards.

Erika is a Senior Client Advisor with 1919 Investment Counsel and a member of the Portfolio Management Team, collaborating on the end-to-end management of client relationships.

Before joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Erika was a Portfolio Associate with Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to joining Rand & Associates, she worked for 16 years with global law firms in Boston, San Francisco and Mexico City. She initially focused on international transactional matters and then later centered on capital markets, with special attention to regulatory compliance issues for clients in the financial industry, including investment management companies, mutual funds and private equity firms.

Erika received her Master of Arts in International Business Law and Economic Development from The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University, where she was a Fulbright Scholar. She received her Ph.D. in Legal and Economic Latin American Studies from Boston University. Additionally, she holds a degree in Law from the University of Coahuila, Mexico.

In her spare time, Erika enjoys exploring the Napa Valley with family and friends in search of the next best fruit of the vine.

Robert is a Managing Director and Portfolio Manager at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. As a Portfolio manager, his primary responsibility is overseeing portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring of portfolios for individuals, families, foundations, endowments, and institutional clients. In addition, he serves as the co-manager of the Responsible Investing equity strategies, co-manages the 1919 Socially Responsive Balanced mutual fund, participates on the firm’s Third Party Committee for external manager due diligence, and is on the advisory board for the Disruptive Innovation Strategy.

Robert entered the Financial Services Industry in 2007 when he joined the firm. Robert received his B.S. in Business Administration from Mount Saint Joseph University. He earned his M.B.A. at Xavier University. Robert is a Certified Financial Planner® professional and a CFA charterholder.

Robert is active in many civic and community organizations. He is a member of the CFA Institute, the CFA Society of Cincinnati, and the Mount Saint Joseph University Business School Advisory Council. Robert also serves on the finance and investment committee for the Contemporary Arts Center. 

Sean Hung is an Equity Research Analyst at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC, where his primary responsibility is to work with portfolio managers on portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring of portfolios. Additionally, Sean serves as secretary of the Equity Strategy Working Group.

Sean entered the Financial Services Industry in 2014. Prior to joining 1919ic in 2015, Sean was an Investment Associate with Harding Loevner LP. Prior to that, Sean was a Business Development Analyst with Starbright Lab, Inc.

Sean was born in 1990 and received his B.S. in Business Administration from the University of California Riverside. Sean earned his Master’s degree in Finance from Villanova University in 2014 and is a CFA charterholder.

Julie is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role as a Portfolio Manager, Julie works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. Her primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. She also serves as the editor of the firm’s quarterly Investment Review and Outlook.

Outside of the office, Julie recently was appointed to a 3-year term on the National Council on White House History, a part of the White House Historical Association. She has served on a number of non-profit boards and currently is a Trustee of the Yogi Berra Museum and Learning Center. Julie also is a past Trustee of the Montclair State University Foundation and was the President of the Montclair Fund for Educational Excellence.

Prior to joining Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 2009, she was a Senior Vice President and Senior Portfolio Manager at U.S. Trust Company working with high-net-worth clients.

Julie earned a B.A. in Economics from the University of Delaware and a Master’s degree in Economics from New York University.

Elizabeth is a Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role, Elizabeth works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. Her primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors to enhance the client experience, with a focus on portfolio review, account administration, and wealth planning. Additionally, she is a key member of the financial planning team.

Prior to joining the firm, Elizabeth was a Relationship Manager with Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to joining Rand & Associates’ wealth management team, she was with Howe Barnes Hoefer & Arnett. Before that, she was an Investment Associate at Deutsche Bank’s Private Wealth Management division, formerly Scudder Private Investment Counsel. She began her career as a Financial Planning Analyst at American Express Financial Advisors, where she created financial plans and investment strategies for clients.

In her spare time, Elizabeth and her family love to travel internationally and stay active – hiking the nearby ridge and biking the local trails with her husband and children.  She enjoys visiting a new restaurant and trying recipes featured on Food Network. She also volunteers at her children’s schools.

Elizabeth earned her B.S. from San Francisco State University in California.

Yvonne is an Investment Associate at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role, Yvonne works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. Her primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors in the development and management of investment portfolios, with a focus on portfolio review, investment analysis, account administration, and wealth planning. 

Prior to joining the firm, she was an Alternative Investments Sales Associate at J. P. Morgan Private Bank marketing private equity to ultra-high-net-worth clients. Her experience in finance started as an M&A Associate at Knox Partners (Subsidiary of La Compagnie Financière Edmond De Rothschild Banque) in 1990.

In her spare time, she enjoys travel, biking, and opera.

Yvonne earned an M.S. in Economics from the Warsaw School of Economics in Warsaw, Poland, and an M.B.A. in Finance and Marketing from the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University.

Patrick is a Senior Portfolio Associate at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role, Patrick works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. His primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors to enhance the client experience, with a focus on portfolio review, account administration, and wealth planning.

Prior to joining the firm, Patrick held senior roles at a number of Institutional sell-side firms in a sales and trading capacity.

In his spare time, Patrick enjoys reading, CrossFit, and traveling.

Miller is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Miller works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investments portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. Miller is also a member of the Asset Allocation Committee and the Disruptive Innovation Strategy Advisory Board.

Outside of the office, Miller is the Vice Chair of the Alabama Association of Independent Colleges and Universities (AAICU).

Miller entered the financial services industry in 2008 as a proprietary equity trader in New York. Before joining 1919, he was the Director of High Net Worth and Institutional Consulting at Sterne Agee, where he provided investment advice to high-net-worth clients, financial advisors, hedge funds, and institutions.

Miller received a B.B.A. with a dual major in Finance and Economics from Goizueta Business School at Emory University. He is also a CFA Charterholder.

Tom is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. His primary responsibility is as an Equity Research Analyst covering the Information Technology sector including semiconductors, communications equipment, storage, handsets and related industries.

Tom joined the firm in 2006 after working six years at a closed-end mutual fund in New York City. Before that, Tom was a scientist at Sandia National Laboratories working on silicon micromachining technology.

Tom earned a B.S. in Physics, an M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and a PhD in Electrical Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

He is the recipient of four US Patents, one for developing a novel Solar Cell processing technology and three in the field of Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS). Tom has authored over 22 technical publications in the semiconductor field related to MEMS, Solar Energy, and Compound Semiconductors. He also has taught technical short courses, presented original research and consulted in various technical fields. He is a member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) and is a CFA charterholder.

Lori is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. As a Portfolio Manager, her primary responsibility is overseeing portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring of portfolios for individuals, families, foundations, endowments and institutional clients. She is a member of the firm’s Equity Institutional Committee.

Lori entered the Financial Services Industry in 1986 and joined Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 2007. Prior to joining the firm, Lori was a Senior Vice President and Senior Portfolio Manager at U.S. Trust, Bank of America Private Wealth Management and was responsible for managing about $600 million in assets for high-net-worth individuals, families and foundations. Before U.S. Trust, Lori was a Portfolio Manager at Brown Brothers Harriman & Company in New York City where she was a member of their tax-efficient asset management team that managed all of the firm’s fully discretionary U.S. private client money. Lori also spent several years at Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette in the equity research department.

Outside of the office, Lori previously served as a co-chair for the Kips Bay Boys & Girls Club women’s committee and is a former board member of Talbot Perkins Children’s Services, as well as a NY Junior League volunteer and co-chair of several committees. She is a former board member of 444 Owners Corporation and a former member of Network 2020, the NY Society of Security Analysts, and The Financial Women’s Association.

Lori received her B.A. from Trinity College in Hartford, CT and her M.B.A. from the University of North Carolina’s Kenan-Flagler Business School at Chapel Hill and is a CFA charterholder.

Dessie is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC with over 22 years of financial services industry experience. She oversees the Global Growth ADR strategy and is a member of the Asset Allocation and Third Party Committees and on the advisory board for the Disruptive Innovation Strategy.

Dessie entered the Financial Services Industry in 2001. She joined Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 2011. Previous to joining the firm, she was an Associate Analyst at AshmoreEMM LLC providing fundamental analysis for companies in Russia, South Africa and Central and Eastern Europe.

Dessie earned B.S. in Finance from Slippery Rock University in 2001. Dessie is a CFA charterholder. She is a member of the CFA Institute and the CFA Society of Baltimore.

Kelly is a Senior Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. Her primary responsibilities are managing client relationships and working with portfolio managers to provide comprehensive financial service through financial planning. Her responsibilities also include investment support, portfolio maintenance and review, and acting as a liaison between clients and their custodians, accountants, and tax advisors.

Kelly is a member of the 1919 Investment Counsel Financial Planning Committee.

Kelly has over 26 years of experience in the financial services industry. Prior to joining Scudder Private Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm), Kelly worked at Salomon Smith Barney, as a Registered Sales Associate, working with retail brokerage clients.

Kelly holds a B.S. in Business Management from West Chester University and is a Certified Financial Planner® professional. Kelly is also a Certified Trust and Financial Advisor®.

In her free time, Kelly enjoys skiing, snowboarding, fishing, volunteering at her local animal shelter, and traveling.

Josh is a Vice President at 1919. His primary responsibility is as the Taxable Credit Analyst for the firm’s fixed income portfolios. He also provides analysis and expertise related to the Corporate Bond industry and is a member of the Fixed Income and 3rd Party committees.

Josh was most recently a Senior Credit Analyst with Stifel Financial assessing new trading counterparties, including municipalities, hedge funds and broker dealers. He assigned internal credit risk ratings and trading limits for hundreds of counterparties. Before joining Stifel, he was an Investment Risk Analyst with Legg Mason, managing the investment risk oversight process for over 150 global equity and asset allocation products. Prior to Legg Mason, Josh was a Fixed Income Credit Analyst covering the municipal and securitized sectors for the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

Josh serves as a Board Member for the Hebrew Free Loan Association of Baltimore.

He received his MBA from Boston University, BS in Finance from Touro College and is a CFA Charterholder.

Amanda is a Portfolio Administrator focusing on high-net wealth individuals, personal trusts and charitable organizations.

She has over 20 years of experience in wealth and estate management, personal trust administration, high-level client service, philanthropic strategy implementation and family and corporate entities with complex financial needs. Amanda actively works closely with clients and with the day-to-day aspects of client relationships. Amanda has completed the CFA Institute Investment Foundations Certification and volunteers at the United Way of Central Alabama, Forge Breast Cancer Survivor Center and March of Dimes. Amanda is also a Certified Trust and Financial Advisor.

Amanda earned a BA from Samford University, (Cum Laude).

Mike is a Vice President at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Mike works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. He is a member of the firm’s Equity Strategy Working Group.

Outside of the office, Mike is a member of the Friendly Sons of Saint Patrick and volunteers with Habitat for Humanity.

Mike entered the Financial Services industry in 2012. Prior to joining the firm in 2014, Mike was a trade support analyst at Morgan Stanley responsible for trade settlements and forecasting liquidity needs.

In his spare time, Mike enjoys golfing, hiking, and live music.

Mike earned a B.S. in Finance & Economics from the University of Delaware’s Lerner College of Business, and he is a CFA charterholder. Mike is a member of the CFA Institute and the CFA Society of Baltimore.

Ian McEneaney is a Vice President at 1919 Investment Counsel, where his primary focus is working with individuals, families, foundations, endowments, and non-profit organizations to understand their unique financial needs and to develop comprehensive financial solutions to help them achieve their financial goals. Ian is responsible for new business development in the New York Office, and he is also a member of the firm’s Marketing Committee.

Ian joined the firm from Cognolink Ltd. (now ThirdBridge), where he was a Research Associate. Ian was previously an intern at Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm).

Ian graduated from Vanderbilt University with a B.A. in Political Science and a double minor in Corporate Strategy and Financial Economics.

Sandra is a Senior Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role, Sandra works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. Her primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors to enhance the client experience, with a focus on portfolio review, account administration, and wealth planning. In addition, Sandra is a member of the 1919 Investment Counsel Financial Planning team and Women & Wealth Committee.

Prior to joining the firm, Sandra worked at Deutsche Bank Private Bank and Scudder Private Investment Counsel with high-net-worth clients in relationship management and at T. Rowe Price investment services.

Sandra holds an M.L.A and B.A. in Humanities from the University of South Florida and is a Certified Financial Planner® professional.

Louisa is a Principal at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role as a Business Development Officer, Louisa works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. Her primary focus is developing new client relationships, working with prospective clients to understand their unique goals, and building the right client team around them.

Outside of the office, Louisa is President of the Eudowood Foundation – a support organization to Johns Hopkins, as well as a member of the Board and Head of Zoning Committee for the Bellona-Gittings Community Association. She previously served as a member of the Boards for SPCA of Maryland, Boy Scouts of America – Baltimore Area Regional Council, and Maryland Art Place and the Elkridge Club.

Louisa is a veteran of the investment industry, having started her career at T. Rowe Price in 1989. She then moved to Alex Brown’s Restricted Securities Trading Desk and, after attending business school, was an Investment Banker at Ferris Baker Watts and Legg Mason. Louisa subsequently served as a Director of Institutional Equity Sales at Legg Mason and as Managing Director in Institutional Equity Sales at Stifel. Most recently, Louisa was a Managing Director at Rosenblatt Securities.

In her spare time, Louisa enjoys spending time with her family.

Louisa received her B.A. in Russian Language & Soviet Studies from Hobart & William Smith Colleges, as well as an M.B.A., with a concentration in Finance, from University of North Carolina Chapel Hill.

Sandi is a Senior Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role, Sandi works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. Her primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors to enhance the client experience, with a focus on portfolio review, account administration, and wealth planning.

Prior to joining the firm, Sandi was a Relationship Manager with Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to joining Rand & Associates, she was responsible for client service and support, trading, account reconciliation, performance reporting, and compliance at Garland Investment Management. Sandi began her career at Belden and Associates Investment Counsel, where, as Operation’s Manager, she oversaw trading, data input and report generation.

In her spare time, Sandi loves to haunt thrift and antique stores looking for treasures and giving old things new purpose.

Sandi earned her B.S. in Finance from San Francisco State University in California.

Jim is a Principal at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Jim works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. Jim is a member of the Quality Growth, Equity Income, Fixed Income and Asset Allocation committees.

Before joining 1919, Jim was a Portfolio Manager with Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to joining Rand & Associates, Jim was an Investment Analyst at ArrowMark Partners. He also spent approximately a decade as a Research Analyst and Portfolio Manager at Aster Investment Management in San Francisco.

In his spare time, Jim enjoys playing the guitar and spending as much time with his wife and two kids as they will let him. He also tries to get outside as much as possible, either hiking, cycling, swimming, running or playing soccer.

Jim earned his B.A. from UC Berkeley and an M.B.A. from the University of Southern California. Jim is a Certified Financial Planner® professional and a CFA charterholder. He is also a member of the CFA Society of San Francisco.

Dominique is a Business Development Officer with 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC.  She seeks to create exceptional client experiences by aligning client values with the company mission.  She ensures that the right connections are made, both internally and externally, to create strong and long lasting relationships with clients and partners alike.  She brings more than 15 years of experience in banking and wealth management to the table.  Dominique sits on the Advisory Board for the Women & Wealth platform and is also a member of the IDEA – Community Partnerships committee at.

Prior to joining 1919, Dominique worked as a VP and Client Advisor for PNC Wealth Management, where she partnered with the retail branch network to develop and nurture relationships with clients.  Dominique has also worked for Legacy Advisors, a Registered Investment Advisory Firm in Eastern Pennsylvania.  At Legacy, she worked closely with investment and operations analysts and advisors to ensure that all components of a client’s plan was executed seamlessly.

Dominique received her BA in Art History with a minor in Economics at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, NJ.  She has a passion for beautiful and haunting works of art, especially Caravaggio and Edward Hopper.  Although these artists utilized wildly different styles, both pioneered the dramatic juxtaposition of light and shadow to evoke emotion.

In her spare time, Dominique enjoys being a mama to her 3 young children, reading anything she can get her hands on (from historical fiction to biographies to beach reads), and running.

Monika is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role as a Portfolio Manager, Monika works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. Her primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. In addition, Monika manages the firm’s Inclusive Investment Strategy.

Outside of the office, Monika is on the Board of the Main Line School Night where is a member of the Development Committee and the Finance Committee. She is also the President of the International Women’s Club of Philadelphia. Monika is a Board member of the Welcome Clubs International, Inc., an organization which was granted Special Consultative Status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council in 2020.

Monika entered the Financial Services Industry in 1987 and joined Scudder Private Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 2002. Prior to joining the firm, she was a Portfolio Manager at Brown Brothers Harriman. Prior to moving to the United States, she worked in Germany, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and Italy. In addition to English, she speaks German, Italian and some French and Spanish.

In her spare time, Monika enjoys outdoor activities such as gardening and hiking as well as reading and travel.

Monika received her formal education in Europe. Monika is a CFA charterholder.

Jeffrey is a Managing Director at Arthur Karafin Investment Advisors department of 1919 Investment Counsel where his primary responsibilities are portfolio construction and monitoring of portfolios for individuals, families, retirement plans and foundations.

Jeffrey entered the financial services industry in 1997 and joined Arthur Karafin Investment Advisors and 1919 Investment Counsel in 2007.  Prior to joining the firm, he was portfolio manager and equity analyst covering the consumer staples and consumer discretionary sectors at Dreman Value Management, LLC.

Jeffrey is a graduate of the University of Michigan with a B.A. in Economics.  He is a CFA Charterholder and a member of the CFA institute and the CFA Society of Philadelphia.  In his free time, he enjoys tennis, ice hockey, traveling and spending time with his family.

John joined the firm in 2023, and he is currently a Principal based in the New York office. In his role as a Business Development Officer, John sources and develops new client relationships, working closely with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to understand their unique financial needs and develop tailored investment solutions to help them achieve their goals.

John entered the Financial Services Industry in 1982. Prior to joining the firm, John was a Senior Wealth Strategist at Northern Trust, where he worked closely with the legal community in the New York metropolitan area and other strategic communities to develop investment management and trust relationships. Before that, he held various roles in business development and client advisory at Rockefeller Capital, Fiduciary Trust, and The Bank of New York.

John is the former Chair of the Fordham University Alumni Association, the Fordham Commencement Committee, and the Planned Giving Advisory Council for New York-Presbyterian Hospital.

John graduated from Fordham University with a B.A. in History. John is married with three grown sons, and he enjoys time on the golf course with his entire family.

Marjorie is a Client Advisor at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC, partnering with the Portfolio Management team to provide clients with investment and financial planning solutions. She draws on over 20 years of experience in the securities industry.

Before joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Marjorie worked at TD Ameritrade and Pershing Advisor Solutions providing custody solutions to financial advisor firms. Marjorie began her career at Scudder Stevens & Clark, servicing individual and institutional clients. During her ten years, she held several client relationship positions in their retirement and mutual fund divisions.  

Marjorie received an MBA from Simmons Graduate School of Management and a B.A. in Financial Economics from St. Anselm College.

Marjorie enjoys spending time with her husband and three children skiing and watching soccer.  She looks forward to visiting her extended family in Boston each summer.  

Beatrice is a Vice President, Senior Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. Her primary responsibility is to provide professional service to high-net-worth and institutional clients managed by the New York investment team. In addition, Beatrice is involved with several of the firm’s client-centered initiatives focused on maintaining and improving the firm’s excellent client retention rate, including the Client Experience Task Force and PA Peer Review and Support Team comprised of a select group of sophisticated systems' users. They have led the way by proposing solutions to enhance workflow practices.

Beatrice entered the Financial Services Industry in 1998 and joined Scudder Investments in June 2000 (a predecessor firm). Prior to joining the firm, she was a Portfolio Assistant at HSBC Bank for two years, assisting several portfolio managers to oversee high-net–worth client accounts.

Beatrice earned a B.S. in Finance and Investments from Baruch College.

John is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, John works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. In addition, he is the Secretary of the Asset Allocation Committee.

John entered the Financial Services Industry in 1998. He joined Scudder Private Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 2003. Prior to joining the firm, John worked at Deutsche Bank Private Banking working with high-net-worth individuals.

In his spare time, John coaches recreational basketball. John is also an Eagle Scout.

John earned a B.S. in Finance from Lehigh University and an M.B.A. from Villanova University. John is a CFA charterholder. He is also a member of the CFA Institute and CFA Society of Philadelphia.

Russell is a National Business Development Officer with 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. He seeks to align the investment challenges individuals, families, foundations, endowments and institutional clients face with the wealth and investment management services that will bring clarity to their complex financial lives. Russell has more than 25 years of experience in the financial services industry.

Before joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Russ was Vice President of Business Development with Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to joining Rand & Associates’ wealth management team, Russell spent 17 years at Fidelity Investments. His most recent role at Fidelity was serving as Vice President Senior Account Executive in the Private Client Group at the Marin Investor Center, helping more than 400 clients with $1 billion of assets implement wealth management and investment strategies. The majority of his Fidelity career was spent in two regional sales positions: Vice President Regional Insurance Consultant; Vice President Regional Planning Consultant.

Russell received his BS in Finance from the University of Tennessee.

He is an avid University of Tennessee football fan, enjoys golf, traveling and spending time with his family.

Matt is a Principal at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Senior Client Advisor, Matt works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on understanding each client’s unique goals in order develop and implement tailored solutions to meet their long-term wealth and investment objectives.

Outside of the office, Matt is a member of the Baltimore Council on Foreign Affairs.

Matt entered the financial services industry in 1994 as a Trust Associate at Pennsylvania National Bank. He joined Legg Mason Trust (a predecessor firm) in 1996.

In his spare time, Matt travels extensively with his wife and teenage son, enjoys cooking and exploring microbreweries.

Matt earned a B.A. in Finance from The Pennsylvania State University. In addition, he is a graduate of Cannon Financial Institute’s Trust School and Cannon’s Personal Trust Graduate School. Matt is a Certified Trust Financial Advisor.

Adrian Schau is a Senior Client Advisor and Principal with 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC.  His focus is to work directly with clients to identify, define, and build comprehensive financial plans for individuals and families and investment advisory services to foundations, endowments, and non-profit institutions.  Adrian takes a comprehensive approach to learning about each of his clients by focusing on the client’s unique financial situation, taking into account cash flow planning, retirement planning, insurance reviews, college savings, and estate considerations.  Adrian, with the help of his team at 1919, has the ability to build highly customized and tailored solutions for his clients.

Adrian joined 1919 from Legacy Financial Advisors where he was CIO and Director of Investments.  Prior to that, he was an Investment Analyst with Brighton Jones.  Adrian maintains an institutional consulting relationship with my529 (formerly: Utah Educational Savings Plan) which he has held since 2011.

Adrian is a Certified Financial Planner® and an Accredited Investment Fiduciary®.  Adrian graduated cum laude from Villanova University with a BS in Finance.

Adrian is married to his college sweetheart Emily, and they have three kids (Drew, Natalie, and Cecily).  In his time outside of the office, Adrian enjoys spending time with his family and friends, taking trips to the National Parks, staying in shape, and playing baseball.

Matthew is a Vice President at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Matthew works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. He also is a co-portfolio manager for the firm’s Dividend Growth Equity Strategy, a member of the advisory committee for Quality Growth Equity and a member of the Proxy committee.

Outside of the office, Matthew serves on the board for the 744 Park Avenue Condominium Association. He is also a Regional Governor for the Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity and Chair of the Alpha Epsilon Pi Fraternity’s Tau Mu Education Development Fund.

Matthew entered the Financial Services Industry in 2012 when he joined Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm).

In his spare time, Matthew enjoys traveling, exploring New York City’s restaurant scene and spending time with his family.

Matthew earned a B.S. in Business Administration with concentration in Finance and a minor in Economics from Towson University. Matthew is a CFA charterholder and is a member of CFA Institute and the CFA Society of New York.

Lauren is a Vice President at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. Her primary responsibility as a Responsible Investing Analyst with the Responsive Investing team is to conduct research on companies in the Technology, Telecommunications, and Materials sectors, as well as on relevant social and environmental issues. In addition to publishing comments on the companies she reviews, Lauren is a contributing writer to the firm’s monthly Social Research Reporter. She is a member of the Sustainable Investment Research Analyst Network and participates in the group’s events and meetings with companies.

Lauren entered the Financial Services Industry upon joining Scudder Kemper Investments (a predecessor firm) in 1999.

Lauren earned a B.A. in Finance and Marketing at Xavier University. She also earned an M.B.A. from Xavier.

Ryan Schutte is a Vice President, Senior Investment Associate at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC, where his primary responsibility is to work with portfolio managers on portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring of portfolios.  Additionally, Ryan serves as secretary of the Third Party Committee and is on the Advisory Board for the Disruptive Innovation Strategy.

Ryan entered the Financial Services Industry in 2018.  Prior to joining 1919ic, Ryan was a Financial Institution Specialist at the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC).

Ryan received his B.A. in Economics from Dickinson College in 2017. He holds the professional designations of Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) and Certified Financial Planner™ (CFP®).

Susan is a Portfolio Administrator with 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC’s Philadelphia office, primarily supporting Charles King. Her role encompasses high touch client relationship services, investment support, portfolio maintenance and review, and collaborative engagement with our clients’ professional service providers.  Susan represents 1919 at the Philanthropy Network of Greater Philadelphia, along with other network-building initiatives as a member of 1919’s Business Development team.

Susan brings more than 20 years of experience in the financial services industry to her role, having begun her career in 1979 as a commercial lending officer with Deutsche Bank.  She transitioned onto Wall Street after three years and spent the next 12 working with Credit Suisse, Bank of America Merrill Lynch, and JP Morgan Chase as a VP in global fixed income and derivatives institutional sales.  Susan left Wall Street at the end of 1994 and spent the next 14 years helping to raise three children with her husband, Paul.  She became a financial advisor with Wells Fargo Advisors in 2008 and pursued this career for three years.  Susan joined 1919 in December 2015.

Susan earned a bachelor’s degree in Economics and English from Mount Holyoke College, and the Chartered Advisor in Philanthropy designation from the American College of Financial Services.  Susan serves on the board of Health Works Academies, an emerging workforce development social enterprise that delivers STEM plus curriculum, job shadowing and mentoring for careers at the intersection of healthcare and technology to high school students.  She is also a member of the Philadelphia Estate Planning Council, the Planned Giving Council of Greater Philadelphia, and Women in Investing Network of Philadelphia.

Ashley Tabb is a Principal at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC. As a Financial Planner and Wealth Advisor, his primary focus is financial planning for individuals and families and working with institutions to preserve the legacy of their organization. Ashley takes a comprehensive approach to assessing all aspects of a client’s financial situation and takes pride in his role as a fiduciary. Ashley works with Portfolio Managers to identify and integrate meaningful solutions with investment management, and to interface with clients on a regular basis to provide ongoing financial planning services as a part of the firm’s wealth management services.

Ashley joined 1919 Investment Counsel in 2015 and Sterne Agee Trust in 2012. Prior to joining Sterne Agee he worked in Wealth Management/Private Banking at three large banks. Ashley holds the CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™ designation. He is a graduate of Davidson College with a B.A. in History and holds an MBA from the J. Mack Robinson College of Business at Georgia State with concentrations in finance and financial planning.

He is a member of the Estate Planning Council of Birmingham, Financial Planning Association, St. Luke’s Episcopal, Birmingham Tip Off Club and serves as the Treasurer for the non-profit KidOne Transport.

Eric is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC.  His primary responsibility is as an Equity Research Analyst covering the Industrial and Utility Sectors.  Eric has over 16  years of experience as a Research Analyst with 15 of those years following the Industrial Sector.  Prior to joining the firm, Eric was a Senior Equity Analyst covering Industrial and Healthcare companies at Wilmington Trust Investment Advisors.  Prior to this, he was an Associate Analyst with Legg Mason.

Eric is a CFA charterholder and received an M.B.A. from Cornell University’s Johnson Graduate School of Management.  He earned a B.S. in Finance from Towson University.

Thomas is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC in the Vero Beach and New York office. As a Portfolio Manager, his primary responsibility is overseeing portfolio construction and ongoing monitoring of portfolios for individuals, families, foundations, and endowments. He is a member of the firm’s Investment Committee.

Thomas entered the Financial Services Industry in 1983. Prior to joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Thomas was a Portfolio Manager at Tocqueville Asset Management L.P., managing a mid-cap growth fund as well as portfolios for high net worth clients and trusts in equity and balanced accounts. Prior to this, Thomas was a Senior Managing Director and Head of the Institutional Large Cap Growth Group at Clearbridge Advisors (Legg Mason) and Citigroup Global Asset Management (CAM). In that role, he was responsible for the investment of pension, foundation and endowment funds. Thomas joined Shearson Asset Management (American Express Company) in 1986. He worked in Real Estate Finance as an Associate at UBS from 1983 through 1985.

He serves as Trustee for the Public Safety Pension Board of the Town of Indian River Shores, Florida.

Thomas earned his B.A. in English from the University of Virginia and an M.B.A. in Finance from Columbia University.

Elizabeth (“Bettina”) is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role as a Portfolio Manager, Bettina works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. Her primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives.

Outside of the office, Bettina continues her involvement as a member of the Collections Committee of the International Center of Photography (ICP) in New York and the Photo Advisory Council of the Frances Lehman Loeb Art Center of Vassar College. She also has sung with the Collegiate Singers for more than 30 years.

Bettina entered the Financial Services Industry in 1979 when she joined Scudder, Stevens & Clark (a predecessor firm). Prior to that, she pursued her interests in classical radio and fine arts.

In her spare time, Bettina enjoys her French groups and traveling with family.

Bettina earned a B.A. from Vassar College and an M.B.A. from the Anderson School of Management, UCLA. She is also a CFA charterholder.

Lauren is a Portfolio Manager at 1919 Investment Counsel, LLC, supporting both municipal and corporate fixed income strategies.  She also assists in maintaining client relationships and portfolio management.

Lauren entered the Financial Services Industry in 2008.  Prior to joining the firm in 2012, Lauren was a Senior Associate in KPMG’s Structured Finance Group focusing on analyzing mortgage-backed securities and their payment structures.

Lauren is a graduate of the University of Maryland Robert H. Smith School of Business where she earned a B.S. in Finance and is a CFA charterholder.   She is on the Third Party Committee, a member of the Fixed Income Committee, the CFA Institute, the CFA Society of Baltimore and the Municipal Bond Club of Baltimore.

Katherine is a Vice President at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role as a Business Development Officer, Katherine works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. Her primary focus is developing new client relationships, working with prospective clients to understand their unique goals, and building the right client team around them. Katherine is a member of the Women & Wealth Advisory Team, the Financial Planning Team, and the Marketing Steering Committee.

Outside of the office, Katherine has previously served as a Board Member of the Spannochia Foundation and as a volunteer for Princeton in Asia’s New York Chapter.

Before joining 1919, Katherine led customer operations for a digital marketing firm and held roles in sales and investment analysis at Neuberger Berman and DRD Investments Family Office, respectively. At DRD Investments, she also led the family’s foundation efforts.

Katherine is a former collegiate cross-country skier, and in her spare time, she spends as much time as possible on snow.

Katherine received her B.A. in Comparative Literature from Williams College, and she is a CFP® professional.

Michael is a Managing Director at Arthur Karafin Investment Advisors department of 1919 Investment Counsel. He has more than 16 years of investment management experience working with individuals, families, foundations, and institutional clients. As a Portfolio Manager his primary responsibility is overseeing portfolio construction and ongoing management of client portfolios.

Michael entered the investment management business in 2005, joining predecessor firm Legg Mason Capital Markets. He spent ten years advising institutional clients with Legg Mason, Keefe, Bruyette & Woods, and Stifel Nicolaus before joining Arthur Karafin Investment Advisors. Prior to that, Michael worked as Director of Strategy for Capital One, and as a Manager with the Boston Consulting Group. Prior to that he worked at United Technologies and Bell Laboratories as an Electrical Engineer.

Michael earned an M.B.A. in Finance and Economics from the University of Chicago and a B.S. in Electrical Engineering from the University of Virginia.

DaNeil is a Portfolio Administrator at 1919 Investment Counsel. In her role, DaNeil works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments to provide comprehensive investment counsel and client service. Her primary responsibility is supporting portfolio managers and client advisors to enhance the client experience, with a focus on portfolio review, account administration, and wealth planning.

DaNeil entered the Financial Services Industry in 1998 and joined Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 2009.  Prior to joining the firm, DaNeil was a Senior Portfolio Associate at U.S. Trust, Bank of America Private Wealth Management, where she provided support to portfolio managers, handled account administration, and delivered client service.

Outside of the office, DaNeil enjoys being involved in community services such as food and clothing drives for the less fortunate, fund-raising opportunities for children’s extracurricular activities, event planning, etc.

DaNeil earned an A.S. from Hostos College in Business Management.

Steve is a Managing Director at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Steve works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives. He is also the Director of Equity Research and serves as the Head of the Equity Strategy Working Group.

Steve entered the Financial Services Industry in 1993 and joined Legg Mason Investment Counsel (a predecessor firm) in 2010. Previously, he was an equity analyst at Legg Mason, Inc. affiliates, Barrett Associates, Inc. and Gray, Seifert & Co. Inc.

Steve earned a B.A. in Economics and Political Science from the University of Delaware, and he obtained a Master’s degree in Financial Economics from Fairleigh Dickinson University.

Lawrence (“Larry”) is a Principal at 1919 Investment Counsel. In his role as a Portfolio Manager, Larry works with individuals, families, foundations, and endowments, delivering comprehensive investment counsel. His primary focus is on developing and managing investment portfolios that are tailored to each client’s unique long term wealth and investment objectives.

Outside of the office, he serves as the President and Board Chairman of the non-profit Pacific Pinball Museum in Alameda, CA—owners of one of the largest collections of rare EM pinball machines in the world.

Before joining 1919 Investment Counsel, Larry was a Portfolio Manager with Rand & Associates, an independent Registered Investment Advisory firm. Prior to joining Rand & Associates’ wealth management team, Larry was with Howe Barnes Hoefer & Arnett. Before that, he managed portfolios at Mellon’s Private Wealth Management Group for five years. Larry began his career at Van Deventer & Hoch in San Francisco, where he was an analyst and Portfolio Manager, and rose to the position of Partner, working with individual and institutional clients.

In his spare time, Larry’s passion is collecting, restoring, and refurbishing antique coin-operated amusement devices, particularly electro-mechanical (EM) pinball machines from the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.

Larry earned a B.A. in Philosophy from San Francisco State University in California.